Urban culture on the territory of Kazakhstan in the Middle Ages: the cities of Otrar, Kulan, and Syganak

Abstract

Abstract. This study explores the development of urban culture in medieval Kazakhstan through the case of Otyrar, Qulan, and Sygnak. The main objective is to analyze the architectural layout, defensive structures, irrigation systems, economic roles, and cultural significance of these cities. The research tasks include examining archaeological evidence, comparing written sources, and identifying similarities and differences among the cities. The findings reveal that Otyrar functioned as a scientific and craft center, Qulan served as a military-agricultural stronghold, while Sygnak acted as a political and spiritual capital of the steppe. The study concludes that urban culture in medieval Kazakhstan evolved in close interaction with the nomadic lifestyle, forming a unique synthesis of sedentary and steppe civilizations.